School readiness

Transition to school is key to a child’s lifelong achievements. It is a demanding and testing process at a critical age, but evidence shows that in an encouraging and responsive environment it can be an inspiring opportunity. Family, school and community partnerships all have a role in an integrated framework of support to early childhood learning experiences and need to work together through formal and informal arrangements.

Currently, literature on the transition to school draws mainly on initiatives in developed countries. However, children living in resource-constrained settings face distinctive challenges - including overcrowded classrooms, lack of essential teaching resources, language barriers, and poor teaching methods - and merit urgent policy and practical responses. Many of the resources included in the list can be adapted and applied to a variety of contexts, including developing country settings.

We welcome your feedback: please send comments or suggested additions to sourceassistant@hi-uk.org.

Selected resources

Child learning in Andhra Pradesh : the interplay between school and home

GALAB, S
et al
2005

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This paper explores the interplay between school and home in determining child learning. It compares indicators, from Andhra Pradesh, of child learning according to type of school attended - public or private. It also explores whether parental education adds as a complement or a substitute for schooling in determining a child's learning

Children's transition to school : learning and health outcomes. Research study summary report

TURNER-COBB, Julie
et al
2006

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"The aim of the study was to look at how children responded to the experience of starting school and how they had adapted after six months of the start of their first term. In total, one hundred and five children (53 boys and 52 girls) and one of their parents signed up for the study. In addition, 76 teachers agreed to take part and provide information relating to adjustment to school. The first issue that we explored was that of physical stress responses of children before, during and after starting school, which we measured by collecting saliva samples in the morning and evening at specific time points throughout the study. Secondly, we set out to look at the relationship between these responses and children’s behaviour, on their ability to learning and on their physical health (common cold and flu)"

Classroom to community and back : using culturally responsive, standards-based teaching to strengthen family and community partnerships and increase student achievement

SAIFER, Steffen
et al
December 2005

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Classroom to Community and Back describes how educators can use the knowledge and culture students bring to school in a standards-based curriculum that supports student success. This approach is called culturally responsive, standards-based (CRSB) teaching. It draws on the experiences, understandings, views, concepts, and ways of knowing of the students sitting in the classroom. Through foundational research and snapshots of real-life classroom practices the publication shows teachers and school leaders how CRSB engages all students in learning; builds relationships between the classroom and the outside world; and creates opportunities for families and community members to support student success in and out of school

Enhancing the transition to kindergarten : linking children, families and schools

KRAFT-SAYRE, Marcia E.
PIANTA, Robert C.
2000

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"This manual describes an approach to enhancing children’s transitions into kindergarten. The approach...focuses on forming a network of social connections that support children and families during the transition to school. These connections include interactions between children and teachers, children and peers, parents and teachers, as well as preschool teachers and kindergarten teachers. These social connections are important for supporting competencies in young children that can ensure their school success"

Families as primary partners in their child's development and school readiness

HEPBURN, Kathy Seitzinger
December 2004

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The purpose of this toolkit is to provide guidance, resource materials and references that will assist communities in working with families as partners in their child's development and school readiness. By recognizing and building the capacity of parents as their child's first educators and engaging parents as decision makers for their child and leaders in the agencies and organizations that serve them, communities can strengthen families and support young children being ready for school. Part 1 explores aspects of: parent education and parents as a child's first teachers; parent education models, including home-visiting and site-based programmes; professional and paraprofessional preparation to deliver parent education services; and programme outcomes and evaluation. Part 2 investigates: parent involvement as decision makers and in leadership roles; policies and standards that support parents as leaders; parent and provider/professional preparation for and engagement in collaborative leadership; and sustaining collaborative leadership. The intent is to support a holistic approach and encourage parents as primary partners across all systems that serve young children and their families and help young children grow up healthy, develop well, and enter school ready to learn. The toolkit includes tip lists, check lists and comprehensive thematic lists of annotated resources

Getting ready : findings from the National School Readiness Indicators Initiative. A 17 State partnership

RHODE ISLAND KIDS COUNT
Ed
February 2005

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This is a comprehensive report on school readiness indicators. The report explores why school readiness is important, and identifies core indicators in relation to children's development, families, communities and services. It also looks at indicators in relation to policy making and provides a sampling of policy options. The focus is on the US experience but findings and indicators can be adapted and applied to other contexts

Multiple perspectives on continuity in early learning and the transition to school

PETERS, Sally
2000

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This paper presents the findings of a New Zealand study that explores the transition experiences of a range of children, their families, and their early childhood and primary school teachers, through interviews and detailed observations in early childhood centres and new entrant classrooms. The participants include seven case study children and their families who were visited a number of times from when the children were four-years-old until they turned eight. The paper examines the multiple perspectives on transition issues and highlights both the diversity in views and experiences, and some common themes and issues. Exploring the nature of the transition from early childhood to school leads us into broader debates about continuity, learning and the nature education in early childhood and at school. The paper considers the implications of the research for practice at both the early childhood and beginning school level

Parenting behaviours and children's development from infancy to early childhood : changes, continuities and contributions

GUTMAN, Leslie Morrison
FEINSTEIN, Leon
May 2008

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This study investigates how children and parenting behaviours change from infancy to early childhood, how parenting influences concurrent and future child development, and whether parenting itself is affected by and responsive to child development. Also investigated was whether individual indicators of socioeconomic status moderate (i.e., strengthen or weaken) these associations. Results showed that mothers with higher levels of education provided more interactive and engaged parenting

Prepared for kindergarten : what does "readiness" mean?

ACKERMAN, Debra J
BARNETT, W Steven
2005

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Stakeholders at the local, state and federal levels agree that a child's future academic success is dependent on being ready to learn and participate in a successful kindergarten experience. But it can be difficult to define "readiness". Due to their different prekindergarten education experiences and irregular and episodic development, children enter kindergarten with widely varying skills, knowledge, and levels of preparedness. Parents and teachers also have differing expectations for what children should know and be able to do before starting kindergarten. Furthermore, discussions of readiness do not always include how schools and communities can enhance and support children's kindergarten readiness, no matter what their socioeconomic status, home language background, or skill level. This policy brief addresses what we know about readiness and how it may be improved

School readiness : helping communities to get children ready for school and schools ready for children

October 2001

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This is a brief introduction to the concept of school readiness with a focus on the US. It presents a framework for community involvement in supporting children's transition to school, based on an 'ecological' view of child development. A variety of factors relating to the child development are considered and explored, including the different roles played by the child's family, early childhood care and education, schools, neighborhood, and the wider society

Strong foundations : early childhood care and education. EFA global monitoring report 2007

UNITED NATIONS EDUCATIONAL, SCIENTIFIC AND CULTURAL ORGANIZATION
2006

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Tackling disadvantage and setting strong foundations for learning begins in the earliest years. This fifth edition of the Education For All Global Monitoring Report calls upon countries to expand and improve comprehensive early childhood care and education, especially for the most disadvantaged children. Such interventions are crucial to improving children's present well-being and future development.through adequate health, nutrition, care and stimulation. Yet the evidence suggests that young children in greatest need, who also stand to gain the most, are unlikely to have access to these programmes. The report argues the even in the context of limited public resources, designing national policies for early childhood carries benefits for the country's entire education system

Transition to school : looking forward

MARGETTS, Kay
1999

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This paper presents the findings of an Australian study to identify factors that influence children's transition to school. It looks at strategies for promoting children's adjustment to school, including the preparation of children for school, the involvement of parents in the transition, communication and collaboration between early childhood services and schools, and programme continuity

School readiness : closing racial and ethnic gaps

2005

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Research findings suggest that what happens to children early in life has a profound impact on their later achievement. This collection of articles focus on ethnicity and show that by focusing on essential aspects of children's lives before they enter school, we might ultimately be able to close the racial and ethnic gaps in educational outcomes

Starting school : effective transitions

DOCKETT, Sue
PERRY, Bob
2001

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This paper focuses on effective transition-to-school programmes. Using a framework of 10 guidelines developed through the Starting School Research Project, it provides examples of effective strategies and transition programmes.The guidelines argue that effective transition-to-school programmes: establish positive relationships between the children, parents, and educators; facilitate each child's development as a capable learner; differentiate between "orientation-to-school" and "transition-to-school" programmes; draw upon dedicated funding and resources; involve a range of stakeholders; are well planned and effectively evaluated; are flexible and responsive; are based on mutual trust and respect; rely on reciprocal communication among participants; take into account contextual aspects of community and of individual families and children within that community. In this context, the nature of some current transition programmes is questioned, and the curriculum of transition is problematised. In particular, issues are raised around who has input into such programmes and who decides on appropriate curriculum

The continuity framework : a tool for building home, school and community partnerships

BROWN, Glyn E
et al
2002

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This article focuses on a set of training materials that has been developed to assist community partnerships in their efforts to plan and monitor services for children. These materials highlight eight elements of continuity and successful partnerships: (1) families as partners, (2) shared leadership, (3) comprehensive/responsive services, (4) culture and home language, (5) communication, (6) knowledge and skill development, (7) appropriate care and education, and (8) evaluation of partnership success. Results from a field study that included more than 200 reviewers and eight pilot sites are summarized. Results indicate that a majority of reviewers found the training materials easy to understand, relevant to their work, and up-to-date. In addition, data gathered from the pilot sites indicate that the partnerships found the materials practical and useful for addressing a variety of issues, including time constraints, communication gaps, differences in professional training, and funding limitations

The transition to kindergarten : a review of current research and promising practices to involve families

BOHAN-BAKER, Marielle
LITTLE, Priscilla M D
April 2004

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The brief begins with an overview of the concept of transition and its importance to school success. It then examines transition practices that focus on families, considering both practices and key players in implementation; it includes examples of promising transition practices that involve families. It concludes with the presentation of a framework for the development of school and programme transition teams that value family involvement

Using social stories to ease children's transitions

BRIODY, Jennifer
MCGARRY, Kathleen
September 2005

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Social stories in teacher-made books written for children on topics relevant to an individual can provide assistance for those toddlers and preschool-age children who need help in the transition process

Center on School, Family and Community Partnerships

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This organisation conducts and disseminates research, programmes, and policy analyses that produce new and useful knowledge and practices that help parents, educators, and members of communities work together to improve schools, strengthen families, and enhance student learning and development. The Center's projects aim to increase an understanding of practices of partnership that help all children succeed in primary, middle, and secondary schools in rural, suburban, and urban areas. The website brings together a wide range of resources, including success stories, research, professional development tools and publications

Getting ready

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This is the website of the School Readiness Indicators Initiative. This is a US multi-state initiative that uses child well-being indicators to build a change agenda in states and local communities in order to improve school readiness and ensure early school success. The initiative objectives are: to create a set of measurable indicators related to and defining school readiness that can be tracked regularly over time at the state an local levels; to have states and local governments adopt this indicators-based definition of school readiness, fill in gaps in data availability, track data over time and report findings to their citizens; to stimulate policy, programme and other actions to improve the ability of all children to read at grade level by the end of the third grade. This resource contains key news, updates and critical information materials. Although the focus is on the US, research on indicators and lessons learned can be adapted for other contexts

National Head Start Association

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Created in 1965, Head Start is a long-running, national school readiness program in the United States. It provides comprehensive education, health, nutrition, and parent involvement services to low-income children and their families. Nearly 25 million pre-school aged children have benefited from Head Start. The National Head Start Association is a private not-for-profit membership organisation dedicated exclusively to meeting the needs of Head Start children and their families. This website contains a wealth of resources, tools, and information materials around school readiness, training and advocacy

Terrific Transitions : supporting children's transition to kindergarten

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This website is a collaborative effort of the SERVE Regional Educational Laboratory and the National Head Start Association. Its goal is to provide a wide variety of transition information and resources for families, professionals, and community partnerships to use as they address children's transitions into kindergarten. Topics include family and parents, teachers and non-classroom personnel. Contains resources and publications available for downloading